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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their (at 25 °C 77 °F, 100 kPa). Y ( Y N?) Fipronil is a broad-spectrum that belongs to the chemical family. Fipronil disrupts the by blocking -gated chloride channels and. This causes hyperexcitation of contaminated insects' nerves and muscles. Fipronil's specificity towards insects is believed to be due to its greater affinity to the in insects relative to mammals and its effect on GluCl channels, which do not exist in mammals.

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Because of its effectiveness on a large number of pests, fipronil is used as the active ingredient in for pets and home as well as field pest control for corn, golf courses, and commercial turf. Its widespread use makes its specific effects the subject of considerable attention. This includes ongoing observations on possible off-target harm to humans or ecosystems as well as the monitoring of. Contents. Use Fipronil is or has been used in:. Under the, it is used against major (moth, butterfly, etc.) and (grasshopper, locust, etc.) pests on a wide range of field and crops and against coleopteran (beetle) larvae in. In 1999, 400,000 hectares were treated with Regent.

It became the leading imported product in the area of, the second-biggest crop protection market after in. Under the trade names Goliath and Nexa, it is employed for and control, including in the US. It is also used against pests of, and commercial under the trade name Chipco Choice. It has been used under the trade name Adonis for control in and. Marketed under the names Termidor, Ultrathor, and Taurus in Africa and Australia, fipronil effectively controls pests, and was shown to be effective in field trials in these countries. Termidor has been approved for use against the in the, area, under a special 'crisis exemption' from the and the.

The chemical is only approved for use in counties experiencing 'confirmed infestations' of the newly discovered ant species. Use of Termidor is restricted to certified pest control operators in the following states: Alaska, Connecticut, Nebraska, South Carolina, Massachusetts, Indiana, New York, and Washington. In Australia, it is marketed under numerous trade names, including Combat Ant-Rid, Radiate and Termidor, and as generic fipronil. In the UK, provisional approval for five years has been granted for fipronil use as a public hygiene insecticide. Fipronil is the main active ingredient of Frontline TopSpot, Fiproguard, Flevox, and PetArmor (used along with in the 'Plus' versions of these products); these treatments are used in fighting and infestations in dogs and cats. In New Zealand, fipronil was used in trials to control wasps ( spp.), which are a threat to indigenous.

It is now being used by the Department of Conservation to attempt local eradication of wasps,. Effects Toxicity Fipronil is classed as a WHO Class II moderately hazardous pesticide, and has a rat acute oral of 97 mg/kg. It has moderate acute toxicity by the oral and inhalation routes in. Dermal absorption in rats is less than 1% after 24 h and toxicity is considered to be low.

It has been found to be very toxic to rabbits. The MB46513 or desulfinylfipronil, appears to have a higher to mammals than fipronil itself by a factor of about 10. Symptoms of acute toxicity via ingestion includes sweating, nausea, vomiting, headache, abdominal pain, dizziness, agitation, weakness, and tonic-clonic seizures. Clinical signs of exposure to fipronil are generally reversible and resolve spontaneously. As of 2011, no data were available regarding the chronic effects of fipronil on humans. Has classified fipronil as a group C (possible human) based on an increase in in both sexes of the rat.

However, as of 2011, no human data is available regarding the carcinogenic effects of fipronil. Two Frontline TopSpot products were determined by the to pose no significant exposure risks to workers applying the product. However, concerns were raised about human exposure to Frontline spray treatment in 1996, leading to a denial of registration for the spray product. Commercial pet groomers and were considered to be at risk from chronic exposure via inhalation and dermal absorption during the application of the spray, assuming they may have to treat up to 20 large dogs per day. Fipronil is not, so the likelihood of humans being exposed to this compound in the air is low. In contrast to such as, and, which are absorbed through the skin to some extent, fipronil is not absorbed substantially through the skin. Detection in body fluids Fipronil may be quantitated in plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalised patients or to provide evidence in a medicolegal death investigation.

Ecological toxicity Fipronil is highly toxic for, and, as well as, the, and certain groups of. It appears to reduce the and of female. It is also highly toxic to many, though its toxicity varies with species. Conversely, the substance is relatively innocuous to, and. Its half-life in soil is four months to one year, but much less on soil surface because it is more sensitive to light than water. Few studies of effects on have been conducted, but studies of the nontarget impact from emergency applications of fipronil as barrier sprays for locust control in Madagascar showed adverse impacts of fipronil on termites, which appear to be very severe and long-lived. Also, adverse effects in were indicated in the short term on several other invertebrate groups, one species of lizard ( ), and several species of birds (including the ).

Nontarget effects on some insects (predatory and detritivorous, some parasitic and bees) were also found in field trials of fipronil for desert locust control in, and very low doses (0.6-2.0 g a.i./ha) used against in caused impacts on nontarget insects comparable to those found with other insecticides used in grasshopper control. The implications of this for other wildlife and ecology of the habitat remain unknown, but appear unlikely to be severe.

Unfortunately, this lack of severity was not observed in bee species in South America. Fipronil is also used in Brazil and studies on the stingless bee have shown adverse reactions to the pesticide, including seizures, paralysis, and death with a lethal dose of.54 ng a.i./bee and a lethal concentration of.24 ng a.i./μl diet. These values are highly toxic in and bees in general.

Toxic baiting with fipronil has been shown to be effective in locally eliminating. All colonies within foraging range were completely eliminated within one week.

In May 2003, the French Directorate-General of Food at the Ministry of Agriculture determined that a case of mass bee mortality observed in southern France was related to acute fipronil toxicity. Toxicity was linked to defective seed treatment, which generated dust. In February 2003, the ministry decided to temporarily suspend the sale of BASF crop protection products containing fipronil in France.

The seed treatment involved has since been banned. Fipronil was used in a broad spraying to control locusts in Madagascar in a program that began in 1997. Notable results from wildlife studies include:. Fipronil is highly and aquatic invertebrates. Its tendency to bind to sediments and its low water solubility may reduce the potential hazard to aquatic wildlife. Fipronil is and should not be applied to vegetation when bees are foraging.

Based on ecological effects, fipronil is highly toxic to upland game birds on an acute oral basis and very highly toxic on a subacute dietary basis, but is practically nontoxic to waterfowl on both acute and subacute bases. Chronic (avian reproduction) studies show no effects at the highest levels tested in (NOEC) = 1000 ppm) or (NOEC = 10 ppm). The metabolite MB 46136 is more toxic to the parent than avian species tested (very highly toxic to upland game birds and moderately toxic to waterfowl on an acute oral basis). Fipronil is very highly toxic to sunfish and highly toxic to on an acute basis. An early-lifestage toxicity study in rainbow trout found that fipronil affects larval growth with a NOEC of 0.0066 ppm and an LOEC of 0.015 ppm.

The metabolite MB 46136 is more toxic than the parent to freshwater fish (6.3 times more toxic to rainbow trout and 3.3 times more toxic to bluegill sunfish). Based on an acute study using fipronil and three supplemental studies using its metabolites, fipronil is characterized as highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates. An invertebrate lifecycle daphnia study showed that fipronil affects length in daphnids at concentrations greater than 9.8 ppb. A lifecycle study in mysids shows fipronil affects reproduction, survival, and growth of mysids at concentrations less than 5 ppt. Acute studies of estuarine animals using, and show that fipronil is highly acutely toxic to oysters and sheepshead minnows, and very highly toxic to mysids.

Metabolites MB 46136 and MB 45950 are more toxic than the parent to freshwater invertebrates (MB 46136 is 6.6 times more toxic and MB 45950 is 1.9 times more toxic to freshwater invertebrates). Colony collapse disorder Fipronil is one of the main chemical causes blamed for the spread of among bees. It has been found by the Minutes-Association for Technical Coordination Fund in France that even at very low nonlethal doses for bees, the pesticide still impairs their ability to locate their hive, resulting in large numbers of forager bees lost with every pollen-finding expedition.

A synergistic toxic effect of fipronil with the fungal pathogen was recently reported. The functional basis for this toxic effect is now understood: the synergy between fipronil and the pathogenic fungus induces changes in male physiology leading to infertility A 2013 report by the identified fipronil as 'a high acute risk to honeybees when used as a seed treatment for maize and on July 16, 2013 the EU voted to ban the use of fipronil on corn and sunflowers within the EU. The ban took effect at the end of 2013.'

Pharmacodynamics Fipronil acts by binding to sites of and GluCl receptors (of insects) as an antagonist (a form of noncompetitive inhibition). This prevents the opening of chloride ion channels normally encouraged by GABA, reducing the chloride ions' ability to lower a neuron's membrane potential. This results in an overabundance of neurons reaching action potential and likewise CNS toxicity via overstimulation.

Acute oral (rat) 97 mg/kg Acute dermal LD 50 (rat) 2000 mg/kg In animals and humans, fipronil poisoning is characterized by vomiting, agitation, and seizures, and can usually be managed through supportive care and early treatment of seizures, generally with use. Discovery Fipronil was discovered and developed by between 1985 and 1987, and placed on the market in 1993 under the. Between 1987 and 1996, fipronil was evaluated on more than 250 insect pests on 60 worldwide, and crop protection accounted for about 39% of total fipronil production in 1997. Buena vista social club torrent kickass free.

Since 2003, holds the patent rights for producing and selling fipronil-based products in many countries. 2017 Fipronil eggs contamination.

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